1.B Rationale: Information technology has enabled managers or staff 'lower down' the hierarchy to make decisions previously made by middle management. This is known as delayering.
Pitfalls: You may have been tempted to think that this was downsizing. Downsizing, however,means reducing staff from all levels or layers in the business.
Ways in: It is 'layers' of middle management that have been removed. This may help to direct you to the answer 'delayering'.
2.A Rationale: This constitutes unfair selection for redundancy (on the basis of recent age discrimination legislation): redundancy is potentially fair grounds for dismissal as long as the basis of selection is fair.
Options B and D are potentially fair grounds: there should be a reasonable attempt at performance or disciplinary management (warnings, training etc).
You may have hesitated over C, but this is an example of 'substantial reasons' that would be considered by a tribunal.
Ways in: You could narrow the options by considering that there must be some way for companies to dismiss incompetent or deliberately obstructive employees.
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